Most European birds remain in the breeding range year-round, but the eastern subspecies is partially migratory, with much of the population wintering further south. 

The yellowhammer is a large bunting, 16–16.5 cm long, with a 23–29.5 cm wingspan and it weighs 20–36.5 g.

The song of the cock yellowhammer is a series of short notes, gradually increasing in volume and followed by one or two more protracted notes. 

Foraging is mainly on the ground, and the bird's diet consists mainly of seeds.

Breeding commences mainly in April and May, with the female building a lined cup nest in a concealed location on or near the ground.